SEE Check publishes a third round of country reports, this time giving a comprehensive overview of the disinformation landscape across the region for the year 2025.
Introduction
In a series of country reports, SEE Check network gives a comprehensive overview of the disinformation landscape across the region. For the year 2023, SEE Check has published a baseline state of disinformation reports for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania, as well as a regional report covering the SEE/WB region, including contributions from Serbia.
The same goes for the year 2024, when SEE Check published state of disinformation reports for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania, as well as a regional report covering the SEE/WB region.
This report builds upon the previous one, providing updates from 2025 relevant to the information environment in Albania. The Albania country report is a contribution of Faktoje, a fact-checking platform from Albania. It has been a signatory of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) since 2020 and the European Fact-Checking Standards Network (EFCSN) since 2023. As Meta’s third-party fact-checking partner in Albania since July 2022, Faktoje also collaborates with regional initiatives like the Anti-Disinformation Network for the Balkans (ADN-Balkans) and the SEE Check network.
Disinformation topics and narratives
Throughout 2025, Albania’s information environment was significantly shaped by both foreign and domestic sources of disinformation. While foreign malign influences (particularly Russian disinformation narratives and, increasingly, misleading content originating from the United States under the Trump administration) have received substantial attention, the reality is far more complex. Domestic actors, including politicians, social media personalities, talk show hosts and their guests on mainstream media emerged as primary culprits behind misleading narratives about global events, local politics, health and social issues.
The country’s media landscape has long become a battleground for competing geopolitical narratives, with Albanian news outlets frequently amplifying unverified claims, sensationalized headlines and propaganda from external actors without proper context or verification. Social media platforms played a central role in this disinformation ecosystem, serving as the primary vector for both foreign propaganda and domestically generated false information. Facebook continues to be the most-widely used and preferred social media in Albania, followed by Instagram. While abroad, TikTok has also served this role, in Albania the platform was banned in March 2025, although the ban was lifted in early February 2026.
In 2025, Faktoje verified and debunked a total of 908 claims or narratives, continuing their effort to counter the spread of disinformation in Albania that becomes more insidious and influential over time.
More than half of these articles, around 580, came from their extensive efforts to combat disinformation on Facebook. These articles tackle the disinformation that spreads on Albanian-language Facebook through incendiary posts and reels that include conspiracy theories of a political nature, whether in relation to US and European politics (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) or Albanian and regional events (1, 2, 3).
Faktoje published more than 70 investigations on foreign malign disinformation on topics such as the war in Ukraine and attempts to undermine Ukraine’s sovereignty (1, 2, 3, 4), fearmongering about a war between Serbia and Kosovo (1, 2, 3, 4) or even a third world war between Russia and NATO, as well as broader anti-NATO and anti-EU narratives (1, 2, 3, 4).
One of the most persistent disinformation narratives circulating in Albanian media during 2025 centered on claims that a direct military conflict between NATO and Russia was imminent. Statements from Western intelligence officials, NATO representatives or European leaders discussing long-term security risks were frequently reported without context, creating the impression that war was inevitable or about to begin (1, 2, 3, 4). In several cases, Albanian media republished statements by political figures in Europe and the United States predicting that Russia could pose a serious military threat within the next decade. These statements were often presented as warnings that a war would occur in the near future rather than as long-term strategic assessments. Coverage of civil defense preparations by NATO members, such as Lithuania’s contingency planning, was similarly framed as evidence that a large-scale conflict was about to erupt (1, 2, 3). This type of reporting contributed to public anxiety and reinforced narratives portraying Europe as on the brink of war.
Throughout 2025, Albanian media outlets frequently republished statements from Russian officials and pro-Kremlin political figures without verification or contextual analysis. These narratives often portrayed Western governments and institutions as aggressive actors responsible for escalating global conflicts, particularly in Ukraine and Eastern Europe (1, 2, 3, 4).
Another particularly concerning development in 2025 was the emergence of anti-EU and anti-NATO narratives promoted by US government officials and amplified in Albanian media. This shift represented a new vector for disinformation, as statements from the Trump administration questioning NATO’s value and criticizing the European Union were presented without critical analysis, potentially undermining Albania’s Western integration efforts and Euro-Atlantic orientation (1, 2, 3).
Another important vector of disinformation were narratives about mass migration and the end of the West (1, 2), as well as the situation in the Middle East (1, 2, 3, 4). Faktoje also provided reports on the reach and nature of foreign malign disinformation in Albania and how it circulates across Albanian media (1, 2, 3).
During 2025 there were also examples of disinformation pertaining to health and vaccines (1, 2, 3), conspiracy theories in general (1, 2, 3, 4) or about historical events like the moon landing (1, 2, 3), antisemitic theories about global elites and their influence on politics (1, 2, 3), as well as questions of migration, gender equality and other social issues (1, 2, 3). The popularity of these articles (some of which amass thousands of reactions, far more than the average news-related article on mainstream media) speaks to the influence that even smaller and fringe accounts have on Albanian internet-users.
As in the past, Faktoje have continued to extensively cover the Albanian political landscape, with a particular focus on the May 2025 parliamentary elections. The elections served as a particularly intense period for the proliferation of disinformation: from empty promises, to smear campaigns and partisan narratives, both traditional media and social media were used to spread disinformation and undermine trust in democracy and institutions among the Albanian public.
Faktoje’s “Fact-o-meter” and “Electoral Promises” projects, fact-checked statements (1, 2, 3) and investigated electoral promises and the implementation of important infrastructural projects (1, 2, 3). They have covered issues pertaining to pensions (1, 2, 3), healthcare (1, 2, 3), education (1, 2, 3), corruption and EU integration (1, 2, 3) and provided information related to the new Penal code (1, 2).
Actors contributing to the spread of disinformation
Social media platforms remained the primary infrastructure through which disinformation circulated. Facebook continued to dominate Albania’s online information landscape, serving as the main hub for the dissemination of conspiracy theories, manipulated content and politically motivated narratives.
In 2025, over 65% of the fact-checks and debunks conducted by Faktoje were linked to disinformation originating from social media profiles and anonymous websites, making them the largest source of false or misleading claims throughout the year. Facebook remains the most widely used social media platform, serving as the primary channel for news consumption, public debate and personal communication. As a result, Facebook is the biggest source of disinformation debunked by Faktoje in 2025, accounting for the majority of fact-checked content. From fabricated quotes and manipulated images to conspiracy theories and fake news articles, the platform is frequently used to amplify narratives that serve political interests, provoke public confusion or exploit sensitive topics.
Instagram ranks as the second most used platform for spreading disinformation in Albania, following Facebook. One key reason is that Instagram is closely integrated with Facebook, allowing content, especially false or misleading posts, to be simultaneously shared across both platforms, increasing its reach and impact.
An example of this is the page JOQ (a meme page turned news purveyor with little editorial oversight or fact-checking mechanisms) which, active on both Instagram and Facebook, has a cumulative 3.8 million followers, making it significantly more popular than some traditional media sources. Faktoje has cited JOQ and its posts and articles as culprits in the spread of disinformation ranging across a variety of topics, including images with made up captions, satirical accounts presented as facts and anti-vaccine claims (1, 2, 3, 4).
Another major account on Facebook is the page Shqiperia Ime (1.5 million followers) which Faktoje has debunked on several occasions during 2025, on topics such as regional and EU politics, conspiracy theories, security threats, health scams and global issues.
Pages with smaller followings such as Aktualiteti (15,000 followers), Patriotet e Botes se Re (2,100 followers) and Lajme Shqip (45,000 followers) are examples of the kind of disinformation ecosystem that has proliferated in Albania, where entertainment, political commentary and disinformation go hand in hand. These pages are popular in spreading health-related disinformation, but also disinformation concerning global events and conspiracy theories (1, 2, 3).
Also, politicians, media and social media influencers often motivated by political interests, audience engagement or ideological agendas, are also actors who had contributed to spread of disinformation during 2025
As demonstrated by Faktoje’s extensive fact-checking coverage on Meta’s ecosystem (Facebook, Instagram), the viral nature of Facebook content (particularly posts accompanied by provocative headlines, edited images or short video clips) allowed disinformation to spread widely before corrective information could reach the same audiences. In fact, Faktoje is currently working to expand their pre-bunking efforts, precisely in the understanding that once certain narratives take hold among the public, they can be difficult to undo.
Domestic political actors were also key contributors to the spread of disinformation, particularly in the context of Albania’s May 2025 parliamentary elections. Political parties, candidates and affiliated commentators used both traditional and social media to promote partisan narratives, attack opponents and frame political debates in misleading ways. Disinformation ranged from exaggerated or unrealistic electoral promises to smear campaigns targeting political rivals. In many cases, such narratives were further amplified by partisan online communities and sympathetic media outlets, creating echo chambers that reinforced existing political loyalties while deepening public polarization. Faktoje’s Fakt-o-meter initiative has focused specifically on tracing campaign promises, disinformation spread locally and keeping politicians accountable.
Mainstream media outlets also contributed to the problem, both intentionally and unintentionally. They did so through the rapid republication of unverified information originating from foreign sources or social media posts. Television talk shows in particular continued to blur the boundaries between analysis and speculation, offering a platform for commentators and guests who presented opinions, rumors or geopolitical speculation as factual information. These narratives frequently focused on international developments, such as tensions between NATO and Russia, the conflict between Serbia and Kosovo or developments in the Middle East were sometimes repeated across multiple outlets without independent verification.
Foreign actors remained present in Albania’s information environment as well, particularly through the circulation of narratives aligned with Russian geopolitical messaging. Claims questioning NATO’s intentions, exaggerating the likelihood of a global conflict or promoting conspiracy theories about Western institutions circulated widely online.
Ultimately, the spread of disinformation in Albania during 2025 was not the result of a single coordinated actor, but rather a complex ecosystem where foreign propaganda, domestic political messaging, online influencers and traditional media dynamics intersected. The interaction between these actors, combined with the speed and reach of social media platforms, created an environment in which misleading narratives could circulate widely, shaping public perceptions of both domestic politics and international events.
Tactics and techniques used to spread disinformation
Throughout 2025, the tactics used to spread disinformation in Albania continued to evolve alongside changes in technology, social media consumption and the political landscape. Many of the techniques identified in previous years persisted, but they were increasingly adapted to new platforms, formats and audience behaviors. Disinformation actors relied on a combination of emotionally charged narratives, technological manipulation and misleading presentation of information to reach wide audiences and influence public perception.
One of the most prominent techniques remained the widespread use of conspiracy theories circulating on social media platforms. These narratives frequently tapped into existing public anxieties and distrust toward institutions, science and international organizations. Conspiracy theories ranged from anti-vaccine claims and alternative health treatments to broader narratives about global elites, secret political agendas or the supposed collapse of Western societies. Other recurring themes included claims about the end of the world and antisemitic conspiracies portraying hidden networks controlling global politics. These narratives were particularly effective because they encouraged emotional reactions and fostered online echo chambers, where users repeatedly encountered similar claims through algorithmic recommendations and community sharing. In many cases, the repetition of these narratives across multiple pages and platforms gave them a false sense of credibility (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,).
Fear-based messaging was another powerful tactic used to amplify disinformation. In 2025, many misleading narratives focused on geopolitical tensions, particularly speculation about an imminent global conflict. Claims about a potential war between NATO and Russia, escalating tensions between Serbia and Kosovo or the possibility of a third world war circulated widely across Albanian-language social media and online news portals. These narratives often originated from unverified social media posts, foreign propaganda sources or speculative commentary that was later republished by local media outlets without proper verification. By framing geopolitical developments in apocalyptic or sensationalist terms, disinformation actors were able to attract attention and drive engagement, while contributing to public anxiety and confusion about international events (1, 2, 3, 4).
Another widely used tactic involved the manipulation of visual and multimedia content. Artificial intelligence tools and digital editing software continued to make it easier to produce convincing but misleading images, videos and audio recordings. Modified photographs, recycled war footage presented without context and fabricated visual materials were often used to support false claims about political figures, international conflicts or alleged events that had never occurred. The visual nature of platforms such as Instagram made these forms of manipulation particularly effective, as users often encounter and share such content quickly without verifying its authenticity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Clickbait headlines and misleading framing also played a major role in spreading disinformation. Many Albanian news portals and social media pages relied on sensational titles that exaggerated or distorted the content of articles in order to maximize engagement. These headlines often presented speculation as fact, omitted key contextual information or selectively quoted statements in ways that altered their meaning. In some cases, media outlets republished foreign propaganda, controversial political statements or unverified claims from social media without independent verification, allowing misleading narratives to move rapidly from fringe sources into mainstream news consumption (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Fraudulent schemes and online scams continued to represent another tactic closely linked to disinformation. These schemes often used fake advertisements, cloned news websites or misleading social media posts to promote false giveaways, miracle health treatments or fraudulent investment opportunities. By imitating the design and language of legitimate news platforms or well-known companies, such schemes attempt to gain credibility and encourage users to click on malicious links or provide personal information. Beyond financial harm, these tactics also contributed to the broader erosion of trust in digital information environments (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
Finally, disinformation actors frequently relied on the strategic amplification of misleading narratives through influencers, popular social media pages and coordinated online communities. Content creators with large followings often simplified complex political or social issues into emotionally appealing short videos or posts, sometimes repeating unverified claims. Because these figures had already built strong trust relationships with their audiences, their content could spread widely and shape public perceptions even when it lacked factual accuracy (1, 2, 3).
Backlash against fact-checkers
The OSCE/ODIHR final report on Albania’s May 2025 parliamentary elections highlights a sharp decline in media independence and pluralism. Outlets were increasingly dependent on opaque political and business financing, while concentrated ownership reduced the diversity of information sources. Coverage was dominated by the ruling Socialist Party and the main opposition Democratic Party, leaving smaller parties marginalized. Weak regulatory safeguards and the continued criminalization of defamation further pressured journalists, fostering self-censorship and weakening critical reporting.
In this environment, fact-checkers faced growing backlash. Delegitimization campaigns and online attacks portrayed them as partisan actors rather than neutral watchdogs, undermining their credibility. With limited institutional support and a polarized media landscape, fact-checkers became vulnerable to smear efforts, reducing accountability and eroding public trust. The report concludes that while elections were competitive, the compromised media environment and hostility toward fact-checkers threaten democratic resilience and voters’ ability to make informed choices.
The European Commission report, published at the end of November 2025, highlights the intimidation of journalists, lack of transparency in funding and the intertwining of political and business interests as factors affecting media independence and pluralism. The framework for the protection of journalists is in place, but verbal and physical attacks, smear campaigns and strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) targeting journalists continue. Media freedom organisations denounced 45 cases of violations of journalists’ safety in 2024 (down from 46 in 2023). Cases of intimidation and threats against journalists, including by high state officials and police officers and notably against investigative and female journalists, became more prominent through smear campaigns, politically motivated physical and verbal attacks and disinformation.
The cyberattack on Faktoje’s website, which disabled access for 13 days, was a coordinated attempt to undermine its mission of combating disinformation and promoting accountability. Technical analysis confirmed it was not random but strategically designed, with deleted content covering sensitive areas such as Russian propaganda, regional geopolitics, COVID-19 conspiracies, environmental mismanagement and gender equality. IP traces linked the attack to Serbia, though the scope of targeted material reflected broader geopolitical and social themes.
This incident illustrates the vulnerability of independent media in the Western Balkans, where fact-checkers are increasingly under pressure. By disrupting Faktoje’s fact-checks, reports, podcasts and databases, the attackers sought to weaken its credibility and create space for false narratives. Despite the interference, Faktoje restored its database, reinforced security and continued its commitment to fact-checking. The attack underscores the urgent need for sustained support to independent platforms that challenge disinformation and defend democratic resilience.
In January, Meta’s decision to scale back its U.S. fact-checking program reverberated globally, weakening the credibility and visibility of independent verification efforts. For Faktoje in Albania, this retreat emboldened smear campaigns that portrayed fact-checkers as partisan actors rather than neutral watchdogs. The reduced institutional backing created space for coordinated attacks, amplifying distrust and undermining Faktoje’s work in exposing disinformation and hybrid narratives. As a result, the backlash against fact-checkers intensified, leaving platforms like Faktoje more vulnerable to delegitimization efforts while continuing their mission to safeguard public trust in information.
Events instigating the spread of disinformation
The parliamentary elections held on 11 May 2025 were one of the most significant domestic drivers of disinformation in Albania during the year. Faktoje reported how the campaign unfolded in a highly polarized political environment and was marked by accusations of corruption, vote buying and misuse of public resources. International observers concluded that while the elections were technically well administered and competitive, the campaign environment lacked a level playing field and included reports of intimidation, pressure on public employees and media imbalance. The ruling Socialist Party led by Prime Minister Edi Rama ultimately secured a fourth consecutive term with a parliamentary majority, while the opposition Democratic Party rejected the results and alleged large-scale fraud.
As evidenced by several reports produced in the aftermath, the election campaign also produced a large volume of digital disinformation and coordinated political messaging, particularly on social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. Monitoring efforts identified hundreds of violations of voluntary campaign transparency standards, including the use of bots, anonymous pages, AI-generated imagery and untraceable political advertising designed to amplify partisan narratives (1, 2, 3, 4). These dynamics contributed to an environment in which domestic political messaging often intersected with foreign narratives. For example, international media framing the election as a geopolitical contest between “Soros-aligned” and “Trump-aligned” political forces circulated widely in Albanian media, oversimplifying the domestic political landscape and reinforcing polarization. In parallel, claims that foreign actors, including Russia, were backing opposition groups or that Western actors were manipulating the outcome, circulated in both partisan media outlets and social networks.
The government’s efforts to draft and introduce a new Penal Code during 2025 also triggered waves of misinformation and alarmist narratives, particularly in relation to issues pertaining new definitions of consent or sexual violence or even sex works. As always questions that touch on social and cultural matters raised the most debate online. The reform process, intended to modernize Albania’s criminal legislation and align it with European legal standards, quickly became politicized. Critics (including judges, lawyers and EU observers) argued that the new code could expand government power, restrict freedom of speech or criminalize dissent (1, 2, 3).
Regional tensions between Serbia and Kosovo remained a recurring source of disinformation narratives during 2025 (1, 2, 3). Albanian media frequently amplified statements by Serbian political leaders, particularly Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, warning of alleged threats against Serbian communities or accusing neighboring states of forming anti-Serbian alliances (1, 2). For example, the trilateral defense cooperation agreement between Albania, Croatia and Kosovo was widely reported through the lens of Serbian reactions, which described the initiative as a provocative security bloc. Similarly, rhetoric suggesting that Serbia was preparing militarily in response to tensions in Kosovo was often circulated without examining the political context or the fact that similar warnings have been repeatedly used by Serbian leadership in the past without leading to armed conflict. The repetition of such narratives contributed to a perception of constant regional instability.
Conflicts in the Middle East and specifically the war in Gaza and rising tensions between Iran and Israel, generated viral misinformation within Albania’s online information ecosystem. Social media platforms played a major role in spreading misleading or fabricated claims that were later picked up by online news portals and tabloids. One widely circulated claim suggested that Albania would accept tens of thousands of Palestinian refugees from Gaza. Although the Albanian government quickly denied the claim, it continued to circulate on social media and in some media outlets, illustrating how quickly misinformation can persist even after official clarification. In other cases, manipulated or unrelated videos were shared on Instagram claiming to show rockets or military aircraft in Albanian skies during periods of heightened tension between Iran and Israel (1, 2, 3, 4).
Anti-disinformation update
Faktoje continued its work to counter disinformation and strengthen transparency through a series of monitoring initiatives, public events and civic engagement tools. In addition to its extensive fact-checking efforts, throughout 2025 Faktoje organized events, conferences and workshops to discuss the challenges that journalists and fact-checkers face in the current climate and to provide tools to young journalists.
In March 2025, Faktoje published and presented its findings from its monitoring initiative “40 Promises, 10 Municipalities” which assessed the transparency and the fulfilment of electoral promises by local governments in Albania. The analysis covered multiple municipalities and examined indicators such as public access to information, budget transparency and the implementation of campaign commitments. While the study found improvements in institutional transparency in recent years, it also highlighted that a significant share of electoral promises remained unfulfilled. The findings were discussed with representatives of local institutions, media and civil society to promote accountability and informed public debate.
On April 2, 2025, on the occasion of the International Fact-Checking Day, Faktoje organized a public event emphasizing the importance of fact-checking in addressing disinformation and safeguarding democratic processes. Speakers highlighted the threats posed by the shuttering of Voice of America and the threats against Radio Free Europe as examples of worrying trends. The event brought together representatives of diplomatic missions, media organizations, academia and civil society to discuss the role of verified information in public discourse. As part of the event, the annual “Fatos Baxhaku” awards recognized journalists producing high-quality fact-checking and investigative reporting. The initiative aims to promote professional standards in journalism and strengthen resilience to misinformation. This was one of several events that Faktoje organized with the support of the Dutch Embassy in Albania and SciDev focusing on the rise of disinformation and challenges to journalists.
Faktoje was also a key participant at the National Conference on the Right to Information in December 2025. During this conference, representatives from government, civil society and media organizations focused on the implementation of the right to access public information. The discussion highlighted both progress and persistent challenges, including delays in institutional responses to information requests and administrative barriers to transparency. Faktoje contributed to the debate by sharing its experience in submitting access-to-information requests and advocating for stronger institutional accountability.
Faktoje participated in a panel discussion during the global Fact-Checking Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, supported by the European Commission. The panel spotlighted Faktoje’s collaboration with the regional FIMI project and emphasized how cross-border networks, fact-checking and resilience-building through shared information are powerful tools in combating disinformation across the Western Balkans.
In 2025, Faktoje expanded its coverage of Albanian politics in view of the parliamentary elections. During this period, Faktoje monitored the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period, focusing on their compliance with standards related to media freedom, transparency and access to information. The monitoring assessed campaign communication practices and the extent to which parties enabled open engagement with journalists and the public. The findings indicated gaps in transparency and limited adherence to best practices regarding media access and information sharing. The initiative aimed to encourage greater accountability and promote a more transparent electoral environment.
During this period, Faktoje also launched an online “Election Calculator” designed to help voters compare their views with the positions of major political parties. The tool presented users with a series of policy-related questions, after which their responses were matched with the platforms of participating parties.
The Conflict is a documentary that tells the story of how malicious foreign disinformation, portrayed through the metaphor of a virus, spreads across the Western Balkans and Albania.Through an in depth approach and interviews with experts, historians, journalists and young people, the documentary traces the journey from understanding the past to confronting today’s reality, where conspiracy theories, clickbait, manipulated images and the fear they generate have become part of everyday life. This documentary has given Faktoje the opportunity to showcase Albanian media and audiences in learning about and recognizing Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI), as well as the dangers of malign foreign influence in Albania’s media sphere
Throughout 2025, Faktoje published seven in-depth reports and manual representing its work combatting disinformation across several spheres, from providing guidance on how journalists should tackle environment and climate-related disinformation, to how disinformation impacts women and exacerbates gender inequality, to how Albanian journalists can build resilience against disinformation.
During 2025, Faktoje expanded its reach on social media, in the understanding that most users (not only young users but including older ones) seek out and read the news online, relying on video and image-content. Factchecking through Instagram reels and infographics grew exponentially, as Faktoje kept a pace of 3-4 posts per week on Instagram and Facebook, reaching a wider public. An important arm of this project, along with longer-form content on YouTube, has been Faktoje’s efforts to combat scams and provide detailed information through longer videos (1, 2, 3). In addition, Faktoje launched two new podcasts where they respond to citizens’ concerns especially in relation to healthcare (1, 2, 3) and interviews with analysts and experts on questions pertaining to electoral politics (1, 2, 3).
Legislation overview
In January 2025, the Albanian Parliament approved in principle the National Strategy Against Disinformation (2025–2030), designed to safeguard democracy, the economy, free media and strengthen cybersecurity. The strategy was drafted by a special parliamentary commission without opposition participation, in collaboration with 19 experts and several government-affiliated organizations, including Faktoje. While inspired by international models, the strategy remains unimplemented due to the absence of a concrete action plan, dedicated budget, political consensus and the necessary legal and sub-legal acts that were not adopted during 2025.
Parallel to this, a broad initiative was undertaken to decriminalize defamation and insult in the Penal Code. Over three months, media representatives, experts, civil society actors and members of the two major political parties engaged in consultations to prepare a draft proposal. The initiative aims to abolish criminal provisions on defamation and insult, which have had a chilling effect on journalism and public debate and to shift their treatment to civil law. This reform is intended to protect freedom of expression and encourage a more open and critical media environment.
(Barbara Halla and Aimona Vogli, Faktoje.al)
